Glitch art and datamoshing, from about 2005: RGB channel offset, horizontal slice displacement, 8- and 16-pixel macroblock corruption, pixel-sorting streaks, JPEG ringing, tracking bars. Datamoshing deletes a video's key frames so the motion vectors smear one shot into the next.
Lossy codecs fail in visually specific ways, and the failures are legible as failures, which is the point. The block size is a parameter of the compressor, which is why the corruption comes in eights and sixteens. Keeping the face partly intact is what keeps the subject readable through the damage.
The figure is pixel art at a hundred cells so the sort can run on cells: in each column, every run of bright cells is sorted by brightness. The upscaled layer then has random 16-pixel blocks copied astray and six to twenty horizontal slices shifted, and is finally split into channels and recomposed with screen, red and blue a few pixels apart. A hex dump sits behind.